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The ‘Even Wetter’ season arrives in Bialla

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Rain on the way in Bialla
Rain bears down on Bialla - more than four metres a year is the usual

GRAHAM KING

BIALLA - After almost 40 years in Papua New Guinea, the last 11 as general manager of Hargy Oil Palms in Bialla, West New Britain Province, I am still not used to the torrential rains we receive without fail every wet season.

Actually, torrential rain can fall in any month of the year here. It could be said that our two seasons are the Wet from May to October and the Even Wetter from December to April.

A couple of nights ago I woke up at three in the morning to the sound of silence.

The rain was not thundering down on the corrugated iron roof.  It was the first night since Christmas that the rain had not been pouring down all night.  And when the day dawned there were glimpses of blue sky and the sun was shining.

Here in Bialla we receive on average 4,455mm of rain every year. In 2018 we received 4,293mm with rainfall recorded on 220 days.

But one of our company’s plantations at Navo at the base of Mt Ulawun received a whopping 8,453mm.

The highest rainfall recorded in Bialla was in 1991 when 7,195mm fell. The general manager of Hargy at that time had to hire a helicopter to get from his house to the office – a distance of just five kilometres.

In between where usually there was just the trickle of Ruma Creek there was a raging torrent of water.

Whenever I am in Cairns I smile at the signposts announcing ‘Wet Tropics’.  The average annual rainfall in the Daintree Rainforest is 2,000mm.  Samting nating.

Tully in north Queensland averages 4,104mm a year and Babinda, which is officially the wettest town in Australia, has an average annual rainfall of 4,279mm.

There are many places in New Britain that have much higher rainfall (Pomio, Kandrian, Gasmata) and of course Tabubil in Western Province is one of the wettest places in the world with 8 metres of rain a year.

I have just read the Bureau of Meteorology’s annual climate statement which says Australia’s rainfall for 2018 was 11% below average for the year at 412.8mm.

Our Even Wetter started on 27 December and, as you can imagine, roads and bridges have been damaged and the smallholder oil palm growers cannot harvest their fruit because roads are flooded and bridges washed away.

The response from the provincial works department was the usual ‘no funds available’ for emergency road maintenance and requests have been sent to headquarters.  The PNG Treasury has announced government accounts will open for business tomorrow.

Up until 2001 there were flights into Bialla airstrip on a regular basis but since the demise of Airlink there have been no regular flights.  Last Tuesday we chartered a plane from Tropic Air to get 19 employees and their families from Hoskins to Kimbe and another seven from Bialla back to Hoskins.

The stores in Bialla town are almost out of food and a barge has been arranged to transport supplies from Kimbe.  Fortunately, our diesel supplies also come by sea and we can keep things going until the roads to Kimbe are again opened.

So while everyone in Australia is enjoying their summer holidays sweltering on the beach or in the bush in 40oC temperatures, I’m making sure my umbrella and raincoat are always close at hand.


Polygamy has become a destructive force in PNG

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Tribal chief with wivesPHILIP KAI MORRE

KUNDIAWA - Polygamy was relevant to traditional societies in Papua New Guinea, especially in the highlands, as part of a patrilineal tradition passed from generation to generation as a means of gaining wealth, prestige and social mobility.

It was also recognised that marrying multiple wives would also increase the labour force to ensure enough pigs were raised and enough gardens were established to maintain the status of the husband and the clan.

Sometimes when the first wife bore no child, the man found a new wife to bear children, especially male children, to increase the male population who could defend the clan and its land from enemies.

The extra wife or wives could be young women, divorcees or widows.

But in modern society, polygamy is a social disorder that undermines the family unit, its structure and the value of marriage as an institution. It also violates the rights and dignity of women.

The social, spiritual, psychological and economic cost of polygamy in today’s society is great. Often the man abandons his first wife, and his children, with no means of support and they are faced with grief, hardship and exclusion.

Some young women, without thinking it through, marry any man who promises them good fortune. Even educated women fall into this trap only to later find they have been deceived. Promises of material wealth - money, mobile phones, cars and good clothes – has blinded them.

Another problem in polygamous marriage is the power struggle in which the husband controls and manipulates his co-wives. Most times he thinks he is superior, using masculine and aggressive behaviour to suppress women.

At first, the women remain silent and obey. But they feel know they are being treated as second class, their freedom limited and their role more than that of a servant.

There is lack of trust, confidence and intimacy and there is no proper communication to maintain the marriage.

If husbands give more time to the new woman, the older women may commit adultery. I know of several cases where other brothers or relatives take over another brother’s wife.

These days many wives refuse to have sex with their husband because they know that AIDS is prevalent among promiscuous husbands in polygamous marriages.

Children born out of de facto and ad hoc relationships present another problem that places a great burden on grandparents who are left to raise these helpless kids. There is a new trend of grandparents taking responsibility for their grandchildren.

Most Village Court cases involve marital problems with increasing instances of assault, adultery, divorce, separation, child abuse, desertion, rape and carnal knowledge. Almost half of cases involve polygamy where jealous co-wives assault each other or their husband and in-laws.

Eva [the names here have been changed] has been the second wife of Adam for 10 years. Previously, Adam has a first wife for 15 years with full bride price. The two wives were jealous of each other and there were constant fights and problems. Then the first wife walked out, leaving her three children with their father.

Eva has no choice but to take care of the children as her own with no support from the biological mother. Eva wouldn’t treat the children as her own and they grew up in a hostile environment.

Eva told me five months ago that her husband has now deserted her and her children for another woman. She faces many burdens looking after her own two children and the three children from the former wife. She copes with her studies at a local teachers college at the same time taking care of the children.

She has been humiliated and suffered indignity as a Christian and church leader of the local church she helped establish. And of course she suffers financially.

Eva is now at the crossroads: going back to her own people means imposing a liability and staying means more burden and suffering. She is confused and doesn’t know what to do.

Here’s another case known to me.

Tura was married with three wives and 10 children to take care off. His first wife left with her four children to live in Lae with her family and relatives because she couldn’t cope with her polygamous husband and jealous co-wives.

The first son left school because Tura was unable to pay his fees and was soon abusing alcohol and drugs and engaged in criminal activities in Lae. The other children were also neglected and had uncertain futures. Other relatives had their own children and problems to cope with. The family’s welfare and future is now in limbo.

The second wife is at home with two adult children and three school age children. The first son left school because of unpaid school fees. He retaliated against Tura, destroying property and stealing a solar panel worth K3,000 belonging to the company that employed his father, whose pay was deducted to meet the cost of a replacement panel.

This posed another problem for Tura, who now had no money to feed his third wife and infant child. So he borrowed money with the hope of paying it back quickly, which did not happen. With his debts building up, the police arrested him for non-repayment.

Polygamous marriage can be a real headache, a nightmare for every family member. Every woman and child has their own story to tell.

It is frightening that PNG is rated 133 out of 138 countries in the UN’s gender index. Even though the convention does not mention polygamy, it’s a significant contributing factor to gender-based violence in PNG and parliament needs to pass legislation to outlaw polygamy. Human rights advocates, concerned individuals and women’s group are all trying to deal with the fall out from this issue.

The churches also need to address polygamy, which is against Christian principles. As Christians we should be aware that the union of marriage between husband and wife is linked to divine law and natural law.

There is no real bond and intimacy in polygamous marriages. It is spiritually and morally reasonable only to stick to one wife, one husband.

Low income bank accounts encourage highlanders to save

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Misa John
Misa John - conscientiously saving for a better future

STAFF REPORTER | Pacific Financial Inclusion Program | Extract

Link here to read the complete article

MT HAGEN - Since opening her first savings account in July 2017, Misa John has been actively saving about K400 a month.

The 26-year-old mother of two earns a living by selling vegetables, fruit and ice blocks outside a community school in the Western Highlands.

Misa says that she jumped at the opportunity to start saving when Westpac Bank visited her community offering their new Choice Wantok product that does not have any opening fees.

Directly opposite her makeshift stall is a Westpac in-store merchant where Misa banks her savings.

“I feel happy that I am able to put aside money for my savings. My first deposit was K40 and I have tried to save as much as possible each week.

“I try to bank whatever I make, because it’s safe in the bank and I am not tempted to spend my money on unnecessary items,” she said.

At the merchant store, Misa is also able to use her debit card to buy groceries and when needed for emergencies, she is also able to withdraw cash for personal use. 

Store owner, Mary Yand, says that her community relies on the services she provides because the nearest bank is over an hour drive away and transportation is both costly and irregular.

She also said her store serves between six and 10 customers each day using the Westpac digital payment services. The highest savings deposit that she has come across was K2,000.

Until 2017, only 10% of the population in the Highlands were using formal financial services. Westpac believes that understanding people, their culture, values and the way things work for communities, and linking those insights to the design of financial services can greatly improve the uptake and usage of those services.

The ‘Choice Wantok’ savings account that Misa uses is a re-engineered bank account from Westpac to test new financial services that are tailored to the needs of lower income Highlanders.

Funded through a grant from the European Union and the Australian Government, the Pacific Financial Inclusion Program (PFIP) has been working with Westpac to test this hypothesis, using an innovation lab approach.

The Westpac Innovation Hub is looking at how the traditional wantok system can inspire Highlanders, especially women and smallholder farmers, to adopt and use financial services to improve their daily lives.

Wantok implies strong social bonds which are often described as an impediment to development in Melanesian countries.

The wantok system brings together communities to share obligations such as debt, cost of funerals, or simply the unspoken understanding that, when your family needs your help, you must provide it without question.

Misa’s bank account empowered her and allowed her ‘to save for a rainy day’. Now, making a deposit or withdrawal can easily be done in her own community and for the first time, she can actually save using a bank account, rather than putting it under her mattress.

The time for Sir Peter Ipatas to be prime minister is now

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Sir Peter Ipatas
Sir Peter Ipatas

DANIEL KUMBON

WABAG – Over the next few days, the Enga Governor, Grand Chief Sir Peter Ipatas, must give serious thought to consider putting up his hand to become the next prime minister of Papua New Guinea.

This could be his time. He has been a politician all his adult life. His achievements for the Enga people speak for themselves.

The post of prime minister would be his final crowning accomplishment for Enga and Papua New Guinea.

A person lives only once and golden opportunities do not come very often.

The Opposition's impending vote of no confidence in prime minister Peter O’Neill is that golden chance.

If there is an opportunity, the governor should take it.

Ipatas has experience at all levels of the three-tier system of government in PNG - local, provincial and national.

He is one of the longest serving governors and one of the most experienced politicians in government ranks right now.

He must not miss this golden chance like Don Pomb Polye did. Instead Polye became instrumental in making Peter O’Neill the national leader.

He must now be regretting all those lost opportunities when he should have had a crack at the top job in the 15 years he was in parliament.

The other highlands provinces (pre Hela and Jiwaka) have had their share of governors-general and prime ministers.

Enga has patiently waited and hoped.

Politics can be brutal. Waiting and hoping don’t count.

The vote of no confidence is that golden chance.

Ipatas should consult with the experienced and wise Enga quartet of Rimbink Pato, Alfred Manase, John Pundari and Tomait Kapili, who are all in government.

Sir Peter Ipatas addressing a crowd in Enga
Sir Peter Ipatas addressing a crowd in Enga

When O'Neill formed his Peoples National Congress, Ipatas formed the Peoples Party, Pato resurrected the United Party and Pundari started the PNG Peoples Revival Party.

Meanwhile Polye built the Triumph, Heritage and Empowerment Party, that other ‘Enga hausman’.

Any one of them could have become prime minister if their political party had been more successful. But instead  they spread their voices.

The five Enga MPs in government have supported O'Neill long enough.

They are all educated and understand what is happening to this country. PNG desperately needs a change of leadership to point this resource rich, sovereign nation in a different direction.

The five Engan MPs in government must move with Ipatas in one accord to prevent PNG sinking deeper into anarchy and total chaos.

They need to let the Enga people see them unite to install Ipatas as prime minister.

They should discuss among themselves who should replace him as governor of Enga and negotiate with the Opposition to retain the ministerial portfolios they already have.

Besides poor governance, law and order is the number one threat to peace and unity in Enga and PNG.

Because there is poor governance, there are unprecedented law and order problems, deep rooted corruption, cold blooded killings, illegal logging and so many other serious problems – including those in education and health - which worry the people of this country.

Beautiful Enga
In scenically beautiful Enga, violence is posing terrible problems

The use of high-powered guns in tribal warfare is increasing in Enga Province, resulting in hundreds of people being killed and property worth billions of kina destroyed every year.

Many impact projects have been initiated by Ipatas and Enga MPs past and present.

But many of these projects have been destroyed by tribal warfare and the government now finds it hard to replace them.

It is time for Enga’s elected leaders to unite and move to opposition and help Ipatas become the next prime minister.

A united stand will unite Enga and save Papua New Guinea.

It is time for Grand Chief Sir Peter Ipatas to make his move.

Vote of no confidence in O'Neill government looms

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AbelBRYAN KRAMER MP

MADANG – Papua New Guinea’s deputy prime minister Charles Abel has gone on record in an interview with the Post Courier newspaper claiming he is not at all fazed by the looming vote of no confidence in Peter O’Neill.

“We [the government] are fully intact as far as I am concerned, the prime minister has our support,” Abel has said.

Really? If the government was really intact then why did it adjourn parliament until this month to avoid sitting during the first week of February, which has been the practice in the past.

The government is anything but intact. The real question is what are O'Neill, Abel and their foreign cronies, who have become millionaires on our people's tax money, doing to ensure they have the numbers to defeat a motion of vote of no confidence?

Abel claims the people gave the mandate to govern to the Peoples National Congress Party after the 2017 national general election.

“PNC Party got the mandate of the people and I think any incoming government after an election must continue to have the opportunity to govern," Abel is reported as saying.

“I don’t think changing governments or prime ministers and disturbing the mandate of the people is conducive to good governance.”

Wrong! PNC did not get the mandate of the people. PNC went into the 2017 general elections with 52 sitting members and endorsed a total of 93 candidates.

Of the 52 sitting MPs only 22 were re-elected representing a return of just 42%. And of 93 candidates endorsed, only 29 (32%) were elected.

These results are hardly a mandate of the people. A majority mandate would be returning 56 MPs not 29.

Further, independent international observers described the 2017 general election as marred by widespread violence, vote rigging and bribery, declaring it anything but free and fair.

The question is just how many seats would PNC have won if the election was free and fair - perhaps just 10, if any.

An interesting fact is that Abel lost support even in his own electorate. In 2012 Abel polled 15,000 votes; however in 2017 his vote dropped to 11,000. His primary vote dropped from 12,000 to 8,000.

With Abel’s praise of the purported achievements by PNC and the O’Neill government, one would think his voter base would be going forward not backwards.

The recent unrest and ongoing social issues facing Alotau suggest Abel is at serious risk of not being returned in 2022.

Now while some will say the same of issues facing Madang, the difference is I inherited the issues. I’ve been in office only one year of my first term, while Abel has been the Member for Alotau for 11 years. So there is no real excuse on his part.

Abel talks of good governance, well I believe Abel is confused between opportunity to govern with opportunity to steal.

O'Neill is known for everything but good governance. It is my view O'Neill will go down in the history as PNG's most corrupt prime minister.

Abel goes on to declare his unwavering support for prime minister O’Neill.

"The prime minister certainly has my support and our PNC Party is fully intact, we are not particularly fazed by vote of no confidence, it is part of politics and we just have to deal with them.”

One would understand Abel wouldn't support a change of government for starters, it would mean he would be stripped of his position as deputy prime minister and treasurer and may end up becoming politically irrelevant.

Meanwhile, the people have to deal with a flat-lining economy, record increases in the cost of living, increasing taxes, a hike in tertiary fees, little or no job prospects, hospitals without drugs, escalating law and order issues, and no payment of entitlements and allowances, to name a few.

Another issue of serious concern is Papua New Guineans forced to live in poverty and watch the influx of Chinese nationals, who arrive with nothing but a suitcase and end up as overnight millionaires on our resources and public funds thanks to stupid and corrupt politicians and government officials who are only too willing to award them inflated multi-million kina contracts.

Parliament will resume in eight days on 22 January. If Abel is of the view it would be wrong to disturb the people’s mandate, maybe it time to ask the people where their mandate lies.

Death of Clarrie Burke - teacher, academic and humanitarian

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ClarrieBurke
Dr Clarrie Burke - a  prominent educator and a tireless activist for human rights

MURRAY BLADWELL

BRISBANE - Clarrie Burke, known to many former educators and senior public servants in Papua New Guinea during the 1960s and 1970s, died in Brisbane on Sunday.  He had incurable cancer.

Clarrie was born in Port Moresby, his family evacuated to Australia shortly after the Japanese invasion of PNG in 1942.

The family settled in Brisbane but later moved back to Samarai. Clarrie and his brother Eddie completed their primary and secondary education as boarders in Brisbane and Toowoomba.

In 1957, Clarrie worked as a clerk at the District Education Office in Port Moresby and the following year he took up a two-year education cadetship at the Australian School of Pacific Administration (ASOPA) in Sydney to train as a primary teacher.

His postings as a teacher were to Lae and then Port Moresby as headmaster of the well-known and highly regarded Hohola Demonstration school.

Clarrie later was appointed principal of the Education In-Service College which had the formidable task of upgrading teachers’ credentials and identifying high level training for senior PNG administrators in the lead-up to independence.

He mentored and guided many of PNG’s early administrators.

It was during his first posting as headmaster, in 1963, that he met and married his late wife Gail who was a Grade 6 teacher at the school.

In 1974 Clarrie gained his PhD in the philosophy and psychology of education from the University of Michigan in the United States.

After independence in 1975, he was awarded the Independence Medal for his services to education.

Following independence, Clarrie returned to Australia and became a senior lecturer in teacher education at Brisbane College of Advanced Education where he was later appointed head of education studies.

His final appointment before retiring in 1998 was as associate professor and director of the Research Centre for Leadership and Policy Studies in Education at Queensland University of Technology.

After his retirement Clarrie was a tireless activist in the field of human rights and he was published widely online and in influential publications. He was also a long-time supporter and committee member of Amnesty International.

Clarrie’s humanity, kindness  and wisdom will be greatly missed by his friends. He was a true gentleman and role-model to all who knew him.

Vale Clarrie Burke.

Waiting for the tide - the practicalities of living kiap style

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Robbins_Doug
Doug Robbins

DOUG ROBBINS

“I asked a group of fishermen sitting in the shade of the inevitable coconut palms, at what time it would be high tide, so I could plan to get my boats over the reef flat. ‘We’re not sure,’ came the answer. ‘Then how do you know when you should take your boats out fishing?’ I asked. ‘Oh that’s easy,’ they replied with the penetrating logic one only imparts to a complete imbecile, ‘we just wait until the tide has come up high enough’.” (Soames Summerhays, Geo vol.8 no.2)

SPRINGBROOK, QUEENSLAND - While we were in Papua New Guinea there was the story of an anthropologist searching for evidence of clay pots at Wanigela who insisted on scratching around for fragments in old cooking fires.

Although the villagers could produce any number of good quality intact pots which were in daily use and for which they are renowned, these weren’t asked for, so they smashed some and buried the broken pieces in the ashes.

In late 1972, I was at Sairope, the last village of the Orokaiva people in the upper reaches of the Kumusi River on the western slopes of the mile-high plus Mount Lamington, an active volcano which last erupted in 1951, killing around 3,000 people.

My big toe was giving me trouble and the natives, claiming to have a cure, rubbed some crushed dried leaves on my leg. It was a stinging nettle, the resulting pain of which masked the pain in my toe.

I was not convinced that I should push on with the seven hour return walk to Asapa which was higher in the mountains near the start of the plateau behind Mount Lamington and the territory of the Managalas people, traditional enemies of the Orokaiva.

During our two years at Tufi, the station generator supplied electricity for two hours in the morning and six at night (unless the operator fell asleep, when the diesel engine would throb all night across from our bedroom window).

We had a kerosene refrigerator and slow combustion wood-stove which also supplied our hot water. While we were on leave one time, they were replaced with a gas stove and refrigerator.

We arrived back in Tufi to a scorched kitchen (the refrigerator leaked gas and caught fire) and cold showers – someone had decided hot water was unnecessary in the tropics.

So I bought and repaired the Tufi Honda 90 motorbike which had bottomed-out too many times and stripped the sump-plug thread.

I fixed it with Araldite, reasoning that the bike could always be turned upside down when I needed to change the oil. But I never had to – it burnt so much oil I was always topping it up without regular servicing.

There was little variety in our meals. One time, as a treat, we ordered a side of lamb to be brought by the coastal boat which had a freezer. And that’s exactly what we got. An uncut frozen half sheep.

I had to work quickly with an axe and saw to cut it into meal size portions and get it into our freezer before it thawed.

But even the luxury of daily roasts eventually cam become monotonous. When we were in Port Moresby for eight weeks for my magistrates’ course we stayed at the government’s Ranaguri Hostel at Konedobu - the set menu repeating itself week after tiresome week.

Then there was my first patrol to the Musa Gorge early 1971. We were away from Tufi for five weeks and arranged for Steamships to send our usual weekly ‘freezer’ order to Safia.

The first Tuesday after our arrival, it failed to turn up on the once-weekly flight from Popondetta.

The two-way radio wouldn’t work, so we had to wait until the next week’s plane to send a note and, the week after that, the original two week old order duly turned up – the vegetables were shrivelled, the bread mouldy and eggs rotten.

I was again at Safia at the end of 1971 and the same thing happened. This time I was by myself, Annette having ‘gone south’ for her sister’s wedding. Late one afternoon my solitude was interrupted when fellow patrol officer Drew Pingo walked into Safia from the Lower Musa.

As was my habit at sundown, I lit my pipe, the kerosene stove to make dinner and the spirits to preheat the pressure lamp – all with one match. Observing this, Drew expressed his disbelief at my frugal ways. I thought it quite normal, having no desire to run out of anything on patrol.

I had been away for seven weeks by the time I returned to Tufi and Annette. On one night, camped in the Musa Gorge with a plastic fly above my bed-sleeve, it had started to rain and, as I dozed, the native labourers gradually moved under my bed, the only shelter.

In the dark, I half woke to feel something against my chest. Not sure whether it was a strange arm or maybe a snake, I braced myself, made a sudden grab and threw it off.

But I was now home and a stunned three months pregnant Annette was flat on our bedroom floor.

(From ‘Penetrating Logic’, Doug Robbins’ memories of his experiences as a patrol officer in the Northern District (now Oro Province) - 22 short stories compiled around 2006)

Momis rallies public service – ‘let’s show what we’re made of’

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John Momis
President John Momis - "We are about to write the history of this island"

ANTHONY KAYBING

BUKA – Bougainville’s President John Momis has urged Bougainville public servants to conscientiously prepare for the referendum on the autonomous province’s political future scheduled for mid-June.

“We are about to write the history of this island,” Dr Momis said. “The eyes of the world and the region are trained on us as we prepare for a historical and political exercise that will be our legacy to the next generation.

“In the past months we have sped up our awareness campaign. Precious funds have been spent and long man hours sacrificed.

“And from the north to the south, from the Atolls to Suir, our people - with tremendous love for Bougainville - did their part to make sure their villages are weapons free,” he said.

Dr Momis said that despite signs of prosperity and progress there are still points of regression in the public service that must be eradicated.

Corruption had seeped through the corridors in recent years with nepotism and ‘under the table’ deals had become rampant.

He said it was embarrassing that the Bougainville Administration has had to submit to the scrutiny of the anti-fraud division because it fell short of the expectation to exercise and embrace accountability and responsibility.

“Now is the time to stand together serving our people who have been neglected for many years because of our failure to act and behave like true public servants,” Dr Momis stated.

“It is not too late to bring back the glory days of Bougainville envied by the other provinces in Papua New Guinea.

“The window of opportunity for us to show to the world what we are made of is closing. Let us not allow this to slip from our grip. It can be done if we all want it badly enough,” he said.


Simbu on edge as governor vote recount triggers violence

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Kundiawa election violence
Kundiawa fears a return to election chaos as recount for governor's seat triggers violence

FRANCIS NII

KUNDIAWA - The Papua New Guinea electoral commission should consider a deteriorating law and order situation in Kundiawa before a recount of votes from the 2017 general election.

The long-delayed election of a new Simbu governor is occurring in a volatile climate of violence and arson as supporters of one of the candidates demand the venue for the recount be moved from Lae to a neighbouring province, preferably Goroka in the Eastern Highlands.

The national court ordered the recount completed by 7 February after a petition filed by former governor Noah Kool against the election result and the winning candidate Michael Dua.

After an affidavit was submitted by the electoral commission, the court also decided that Lae should be the recount venue.

The decision was badly received by governor elect Dua and his supporters.

Dua cited as his reasons in objecting were the distance, risks and costs to candidates and scrutineers in making their way to Lae. But the court dismissed his application for a change of venue.

An unhappy Michael Dua told the Post-Courier newspaper that the electoral commission had not consulted provincial authorities including the provincial administrator, police commander and the election manager before making the decision.

He said the electoral commission also did not give any reason for choosing Lae as the venue. However earlier this month electoral commissioner Patilias Gamata told the media Lae was “neutral ground” for the recount.

Since then, Dua’s supporters have taken control of Kundiawa town. The container containing the ballot boxes at the police station is being heavily guarded around the clock by his supporters.

Police have made two attempts to move the container to Lae but this has been prevented by Dua supporters.

The latest attempt to move the container last Thursday turned ugly when Dua and Kool factions engaged in a physical confrontation that continued through Friday.

At present Kundiawa has a serious breakdown of law and order and is in total chaos. With constant harassment of the public, the town is not safe for people, especially women and children. Houses had already been burned down at the time the national court handed down its decision for a recount.

Kundiawa police are overpowered and have no control of the situation. The problem is exacerbated by the absence of the feared Kerowagi Mobile Squad, which is currently under suspension.

It seems the only way to defuse more serious trouble is for the electoral commissioner to move the venue to Goroka, which is more readily accessible from Kundiawa.

With less than three weeks remaining for the completion of the recount, time is of the essence if the worsening law and order situation in Kundiawa is to be alleviated.

If the electoral commission does not reconsider the venue, the impasse is likely to continue. If the court-ordered date for the recount expires, Kool is likely going to file a motion for the court to award the win to him.

This would be disastrous for law and order, government, business and infrastructure throughout the Simbu Province.

There was an earlier instance of such mayhem in the Southern Highlands and the electoral commission should have learnt from this mistake.

To prevent further trouble the commission should organise a round table discussion with Dua, Kool and Simbu provincial authorities to agree on neutral ground for the recount.

Goroka offers both parties the best opportunity for this.

Smoke over the hills

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Smoke over the hillsRAYMOND SIGIMET

There's smoke over the hills
A wafting trail up the green foliage
Reaching and meeting the air
From where it came stood a house

A house of sago thatched high roof
It stood under a clearance
on short stumped posts of nine,
with limbum slats for decks

And sprawl under this break in cover,
near where the thatched abode stood,
there thrives a garden
of taro, pitpit and banana

This aside of daily laboured toil
amongst axe felled tree stumps
and top soil of rich black earth,
of charcoal ashen soot

And where the smoke came, sat mother
Arched back and squatting
Tending the smoke drenched wood
with its forest coated moss

Close by, near the sago pangal walls
On an axe sharpened post, a bilum
hangs with a sleeping babe
bathed in the wafting smoke

While to the middle outer post, nearby
Tied to it, a piglet grubbing for worms
while two skinny dogs observe lazily
daydreaming of their next hunt

Up and up the smoke towers and drifts
Scenting the forest leaves and air
With the ambient whiff
of burning forest wood

There's smoke over the clearance
as father tends and marks
his succulent tobacco plot
according to his forebears skills

All the while he thinks of his ancestors
to give him strength and sustenance
to live in the woods with his wife
away from the community

bilum– string bag
limbum - hard palm slats used as flooring
pangal - hard back of sago frond used as walling
pitpit– as used here, garden grass cane

We beat a retreat from PNG. There was a sort of welcome home

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Paul Oates
Paul Oates - what to do with a used PNG kiap back in Australia?

PAUL OATES

GOLD COAST – I recall how, as a contract officer in the service of the Administration of the Territory of Papua New Guinea, I was prepared for my return to Australia.

I was given a short dissertation on how to apply to the Commonwealth Employment Service for unemployment benefits (‘the dole’.)

I was also to ensure that I applied to the Professional Employment Office to have my name registered for job opportunities.

While permanent officers were given a payout (commonly known as the ‘golden handshake’) and seconded officers returned to work in their previous departments, contract officers were expected to throw themselves on the labour market and start from scratch.

No training, briefings or preparation were offered for the culture shock of returning to a country that didn’t know and didn’t care about Papua New Guinea or anyone who had served ‘up there’. (I sympathised with Vietnam veterans on this aspect).

No investigation or screening was conducted to find out if we were medically fit or had contracted or suffered from any medical condition or injury whilst on duty in PNG.

To my knowledge, no personal records were kept as a medical history or for future reference as to skills we had acquired and the experience we had put under our belts.

It was ‘goodbye and good luck’ - all hard to equate with today’s standards of human resources’ responsibilities of employers, not to mention legislated requirements.

On return to Sydney, and having dutifully filled out a number of forms at the Professional Employment Office as suggested, I was interviewed by a young employment officer.

Having perfunctorily scanned my work history, he said, “You’re overqualified. I’m afraid we have nothing like that available.”

I informed him I understood there was nothing like ‘that’ available but as I had a wife and child to support, anything reasonable would do.

The young chap have a sniff and said they would call me when something appropriate came up. It’s a good thing I didn’t hold my breath as I’m still waiting for that call.

At part of our preparation for PNG at the Australian School of Pacific Administration, we had to get our ‘shots’. We had been required to attend the Government Health Centre at Phillip Street in Sydney and were then medically inspected and approved for the tropics by a Commonwealth Medical Officer, in my case was a thick set, grey haired man of about 60.

Then the 39 men of our patrol officers’ course were lined up and inoculated and vaccinated for smallpox, typhus, typhoid and cholera. A syringe with each type of vaccine was then administered. With the third load of serum, the room started to spin and I recall the doctor saying, “Nurse, nurse, look to your patient.” Lying back and with a wet flannel around my neck brought the room back into focus.

When I returned to Australia and applied to rejoin the Commonwealth Public Service, I again had to attend a medical examination by the Commonwealth Medical Officer in Phillip Street.

Incredibly, when I arrived, who should be the examining doctor but the same thick set, grey haired doctor I’d seen many years before. He didn’t seem to have changed at all.

When he examined my completed medical history questionnaire (excluding the post-traumatic stress that I didn’t then know I had) and read about malaria, dysentery, tropical ulcers and various injuries, he said to me, “What fool sent you up there?”

“Um, well …. Now that you come to mention it,” I replied, “It was you.”

Bigger words to say I'm sorry

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SorryRAYMOND SIGIMET

Are there bigger words to say I'm sorry?
Of those hidden scars and painful bruises,
as we sit and stare without a worry

The sovereign house can fall from glory
For no one wants to put words to truces
Are there bigger words to say I'm sorry?

What of the stories and their memory?
Of starry nights and poetic muses,
as we sit and stare without a worry

Exchanging untoward trajectory
of spiteful spat and verbal abuses
Are there bigger words to say I'm sorry?

The stabbing hurt does dull much memory
The falling away then has no uses
as we sit and stare without a worry

The wise in their words and oratory
Words that can be said and no one loses
Are there bigger words to say I'm sorry,
while we sit and stare without a worry?

Of extreme weather, kindness & fear of sorcery

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Extreme weather  Honiara
Honiara storm

ARTHUR WILLIAMS

CARDIFF, WALES - I live in a maisonette built by the local council in 1952 and have been tolerating four years of recurring intermittent leaks into my bedroom.

Then, at 2.20am on 28 December, a square metre section of the ceiling collapsed. I was in bed but luckily it missed me.

My landlord had three different builders look for the cause. The third one managed to solve the problem.

His reasoning reminded me of the cleverness behind the design of various traditional huts I had occupied during my life in Papua New Guinea. The builder looked at the roof and noticed it had been constructed at too wide an angle from the apex. Its slope was very gentle.

When it rained normally, the water flowed off well; but when heavy rain combined with a very strong wind, the run-off blew back under the slates and into the roof cavity. Problem solved.

In PNG most huts had steep-sloped leaf roofs to provide rapid run-off in times of heavy rains. I would lie on my bed under a traditional roof with the Matvung (north-west monsoon) emptying down and not a drip coming through.

It seems the 'primitive' South Pacific house builders were light years ahead of the British ones.

One of the worst storms I witnessed happened in 1995 or 1996. My wife craved some fresh fish and had taken our infant from our hillside hut to her mum's place, a mile or so away on the edge of Meterankang Bay.

It was been a beautiful calm day when they departed but around noon the sky turned black and soon the wind was howling through my coconut palms that were bending to its force.

Darkness, I can't say sunset, came earlier than the normal 6pm and I guessed that my wife had long since sought shelter at her mum's place and would not be seen before tomorrow.

The storm seemed even more threatening in the gloom beyond the dim light of our wokabaut Dietz lantern. I was hungry but all there was to eat in our pantry was a large bowl of dry sago. The fire in our traditional kitchen alongside the hut had long been blown into ashes.

I was facing trying to sleep on a rumbling empty stomach when, above the continuing noise of the storm, I heard voices drifting up the hill from the canoe place on our normally placid stream, which I could now hear tumbling and rumbling over the huge boulders in its bed.

Then I saw a figure slowly coming up the muddy track towards the hut. Through the lashing rain I eventually made out two people. They did the usual sensible traditional thing of calling out loudly when approaching a hut in the night, “Tambu! Mipela tasol.”

It was my wife's Sepik uncle holding a small lamp while his little wife clutched him to steady herself in the gale while holding a saucepan in her other hand. The sadly sodden couple climbed up the wooden steps to the verandah.

They explained they were very worried about their white tambu being alone and hungry on such a night. Obviously my wife had advised them of the parlous state of our pantry.

They had risked life and limb by paddling and dragging their canoe alongside the extreme edge of the mangroves between their home at the wharf and my hut.

Because I had no fire, I couldn't even offer them a hot cup of tea but asked them to stay the night and avoid a second foray into the teeth of the storm. But they had left several children at home, so declined and all too soon headed out into the blast of wind and rain.

Well at least I had some food. Then my mind went off on another tack. Only recently the family had been talking about belief in spirits and the harm they can cause.

One of my relatives had explained that you never should ask someone, "Can we go fishing tonight?" because a devil may be listening and would learn of your planned rendezvous and replace one of you with disastrous results.

More advice, “Arthur, don't hold the baby looking backwards over your shoulder because a devil may change her into some evil thing!”

Thus I hesitated before taking a spoonful of the slightly warm kaukau soup that had been augmented with coconut cream and some kumu leaves. 'What if?' crossed my mind.

After all who in their right mind would have ventured out on such a journey in a terrible storm to deliver food to one of the many nephews they had in our large extended family.

“Who were they?” “Was he really Mala my uncle or was it.....one of those things we had talked about?” “Why wouldn't they stay the night or until the wind died down?”

Oliman! Are you masta or native?” The westernised bit of my cortex won and I ate and enjoyed a good portion of the most welcome meal provided by uncle and aunty or whoever they were.

Papua New Guinea’s two police forces; old & new, good & bad

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The badge and uniform were changed in 1964
The badge and uniform that were changed in 1964

PHIL FITZPATRICK

TUMBY BAY - In 1958 a number of dissident Tolai groups in New Britain banded together to refuse to pay their personal tax or line up for census checks.

The District Commissioner decided to force the issue and sent a large force of officers and armed police into the area.

The subsequent confrontation resulted in a melee during which two Tolai men were killed. Assistant District Officer Jack Emanuel fired the first two shots into the air but it was thought that the men had been hit by police .303 rifle bullets.

The upshot of this event was that the Minister for Territories, Paul Hasluck, ordered a review of the structure and functions of the Department of Native Affairs. This was the department run by the kiaps and which largely governed Papua New Guinea.

The separation and limitation of executive, police and magisterial powers held by officers of the department then became a ministerial objective.

To that end Hasluck appointed David Derham, professor of jurisprudence at the University of Melbourne, to prepare a report.

As a result of Derham’s report a process to destroy decentralised district administration under the kiaps was begun.

The Royal Papua and New Guinea Constabulary became a separate department in 1961 and the Department of Native Affairs, with lessened functions, became the Department of District Administration in 1964.

Expatriate police, recruited overseas, had resented working under the authority of district commissioners and district officers.

By education and training the kiaps were an elite administrative force whereas the police had much lower entry standards.

Successive police commissioners nevertheless pushed to reduce the power of the kiaps and to extend police activities into areas for which they had not been trained.

It was this competitive push that ultimately created a kind of dual police force in Papua New Guinea.

Uniforms old and new
The old and the new - In 1964 a new blue police uniform replaced the blue serge uniform with red cummerbund, laplap, cartridge belt, handcuff chain, bayonet, scabbard and beret

On the one hand, there were police on the outstations working as they had always done with the kiaps, and on the other hand there was an expanding force working in the towns in a more conventional police role.

With independence and the eventual abandonment of the kiap system this conventional police role came to dominate law and order in Papua New Guinea.

It is this force that now receives so much criticism from the public for its high-handed attitudes and reputation for corruption and violence.

We often hear old kiaps bemoaning what has happened to the RPNGC. They point out that in their day the police were loyal and trusted partners in the work of administration.

It is as if those old time police were an entirely different breed of men.

There is good cause to think this might have been true. This is what Sir John Guise, ex-policeman and the first governor-general of Papua New Guinea, had to say in 1985 about the police force prior to independence:

“They had discipline, very, very strong discipline that ran right through the ranks and the way they carried out their duties towards the protection of life and property and the way they carried out their patrols every day and every night was something that I look back on now and say ‘I wish it was done again’ because it contained the criminal element; it contained it very well.

“I don’t want to see the police force only concentrating on modernising the force; it should also maintain some of the hard traditions established by the old policemen.”

Sir John also explained how the old time police had an esprit de corps that was above the influence of wantokism and corruption. He said it was a force that was trained to protect the weak and help defend them if they were in trouble.

He said police were told it was their duty to be the friends of the people and how they were not allowed to discriminate; even if their own families broke the law and had to be arrested.

The old time police led by the kiaps were indeed different to Papua New Guinea’s modern day force. Somewhere in time and politics a profound change occurred and it can be argued that it was not a good change.

Some of the values of old are in desperate need of revival.

Spearhead for women's rights: the career of Dame Carol Kidu

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Wedding of Carol to Buri Kidu in 1969
Wedding of Carol to Buri Kidu in 1969

MARY FAIRIO | Women Tok PNG | Edited extracts

Link here to read the complete profile of Dame Carol Kidu

PORT MORESBY - Dame Carol Kidu travelled a remarkable journey from her suburban Australian home to Pari village in Port Moresby, and was to break the political glass ceiling to become Papua New Guinea’s first female opposition leader.

Entering politics in 1997, Dame Carol achieved remarkable policy victories especially focused on women, children, disabled people and minority ethnic groups in two consecutive terms as Minister for Community Development.

Born Carol Millwater on 10 October 1948, Carol spent the first 20 years of her life in Shorncliff, Queensland in a lower middle class Australian family. She has described her family as “not poor, but we were not rich, they struggled to get us educated”.

Her parents created an environment of compassion for others and emphasised that everyone was equal. Carol developed an important social consciousness.

In 1969 when Carol was 16 and in Grade 11, she met and fell in love with Buri Kidu, a Papua New Guinean, at Tallebudgera Camp School on the Gold Coast.

Buri was on a scholarship from the government of Papua New Guinea and attending Toowoomba Grammar School. At this time, cross-cultural and interracial relationships were not well accepted, especially between whites and blacks.

Carol has described one such moment:

“As we walked the streets in Brisbane, I was aware that many people were staring. I was so proud to walk with Buri and was surprised when an elderly [white] man walked straight toward me, then spat at me with such hatred, 'You filthy woman’.”

Despite such reactions, Carol and Buri were married in 1969 when she was 20 years old.

She left the comfort of her home and chose to live with Buri and his people in Pari village. It was hard as she struggled mentally and physically through pain and perseverance to slowly adapt to a different culture and lifestyle.

She faced social and cultural obstacles in living in a different culture where values and principles were traditional and men and women’s roles defined differently. But she was able to overcome because her parents, in-laws and husband were understanding and supportive.

Carol was a school teacher in Port Moresby for 20 years and also wrote text books while Buri became a successful lawyer, rising to be the first Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea, being knighted by the Queen in 1980. Carol became Lady Kidu, or Dame Carol, travelling with Buri and meeting important people from all over the world.

They had four children and adopted two others and raised the family according to Buri’s tribal traditions. But Buri died of heart attack in 1994 and Carol was widowed. Her reaction at that time was anger towards the government that had sacked Buri because of his championing of judicial independence.

Despite this, Carol did not go back to Australia but decided to live among Buri’s people. This humility and loyalty to the people won their support for Carol when she entered politics.

Carol Kidu entered politics because she felt the nation had been denied an outstanding person and what Buri Kidu stood for must not die; her husband’s legacy must live on. Moreover, being idealistic, she believed in making a difference and standing for social justice, human rights, marginalised groups and related issues.

When she entered politics in 1997, people - especially the elite - thought she would not win because she was white. But Carol was confident because she was deeply entrenched in her husband’s society and was the widow of a highly respectable man. In fact, Carol easily won as an independent candidate in her constituency, Moresby South, and became the first white woman ever to sit in the PNG parliament.

She won again in 2002 and 2007 before retiring in 2012. Buri was the person who most inspired her to politics, and she still speaks of how his death contributed towards her entering politics.

Her 15 years in parliament saw her serve as Minister for Community Development (2002-2011) under then Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare and as PNG’s first female opposition leader from February to July 2012, after the Supreme Court appointed Opposition Leader Peter O’Neill as Prime Minister.

At a National Council of Women’s reception after her appointment, she said her decision to take up the Opposition Leader’s position was to restore credibility and confidence in the office. The media referred to her as ‘the Iron Lady of PNG politics’.

Significant outcomes under Dame Carol’s leadership included enacting new child protection legislation, community learning and lifelong learning policies, partnerships between the state and NGOs and churches in community development and combatting domestic violence and HIV/AIDS.

People referred to her as the voice of Papua New Guinean women and as an advocate for the poor and unfortunate and through her progressive reputation she built momentum for women’s empowerment in PNG, made more visible by her presence in parliament. The unwavering Dame Carol found a place in the hearts and minds of young people, women, and like-minded citizens through the leadership qualities she demonstrated.

One of the central characteristics of the servant-leader, as demonstrated in the leadership style of Dame Carol, is persistence and personal resolve to maintain one’s core values under trying circumstances.

Two aspects of her leadership reflect this. Firstly, she maintained a consistent personal integrity. Secondly, she kept her mind focused on her mission to emphasise the importance of women’s issues and broader social issues in the country in a male dominated parliament.

She lobbied hard to gain support from parliament for 22 reserved seats for women and got the Equality and Participation Bill passed in 2011. However, it did not receive the two-thirds majority required to amend the Constitution.

Facing gender challenges, she had to tread a fine line in relation to her predominantly male colleagues whilst also mindful of the fact that she is a ‘white woman’ who may be accused of misrepresenting certain sections of the Papua New Guinean community.

Because of her humility and perseverance, she was recognised for her role in politics, and made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in January 2005, the highest of many awards she has received including the US International Award for Courage and Leadership and France’s highest award, the Legion d’Honneur in recognition of her tireless efforts in the fight for human rights.

Dame Carol broke the glass ceiling to be the first female opposition leader in Papua New Guinea. Hers has been a remarkable journey indeed. Retiring from politics at age 64, she described her 15 years in parliament as challenging, frustrating but rewarding. She is truly a role model to many Papua New Guineans, especially women.


Remote colonial life: Waiting for the K boat & other inconveniences

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Baimuru Patrol Post  1962 (John Fowke)
Baimuru Patrol Post, 1962 (John Fowke)

CHRIS OVERLAND

ADELAIDE - My first experience of Papua New Guinea was arriving at Jacksons Airport on a sweltering day in mid 1969.

Having survived the rather desultory attention of Customs, I joined a slightly bewildered group of young men who had gathered around a man carrying a sign indicating that he was there to collect us.

There followed a scramble to board a decrepit blue and white Bedford bus which proceeded to convey us along the dusty road between Moresby and our training camp at Kwikila.

This was where we would undergo the six weeks of training that constituted the introduction to our roles as newly-minted junior kiaps.

A later sojourn at the Australian School of Pacific Administration (ASOPA) in Sydney was promised but never eventuated.

Unless my memory is faulty, it was the late Geoff Littler who had the task of coordinating our training. This was probably not his first choice of assignments but my recollection is that we packed a lot into the six weeks, so I guess he did a pretty good job.

We were introduced to things like the basics of Pidgin, the mysteries of the Police Offences Ordinance and Regulations, how to operate a Crammond radio transceiver and were urged to prepare for outstation life by, amongst other things, opening a bank account into which our pay would be deposited as well as credit accounts with the major trading companies that served the remote areas of the country.

After two or three weeks at Kwikila, we were given a day in Moresby to make these arrangements and shop for any goods we thought we might need immediately.

At that time, none of us knew where we would be posted, so I decided to open accounts with all three large trading companies that served PNG at that time - Burns Philp, Steamships Trading Company and W R Carpenter.

In this way I hoped to ensure that I could buy food and other goods from the company most capable of delivering them to wherever I was located.

In 1969 I was, by any reasonable definition, a callow youth. Being born and raised in rural Australia I was no sophisticate. Nevertheless I was vaguely familiar with modern conveniences including, for example, electrical appliances and even commercial air conditioning.

It was therefore quite a shock to enter Burns Philp's major store to discover that it was filled with the sorts of items that I associated with my grandparents' era. There were kerosene fridges and freezers alongside electric models as well as appliances like two burner stoves, Tilley kerosene pressure lamps and, of course, the ubiquitous Hurricane lamps.

I looked upwards to the store’s high ceiling and saw a gently swaying row of what I recognised as punkahs. These were linked together in a long chain and operated, not by a punkah wallah as I had seen in ‘The Lives of a Bengal Lancer’ (Paramount Pictures, 1935, starring Gary Cooper) but by an electric engine. The sense of having lurched back in time was palpable.

Anyway, a few short weeks later I found myself aboard MV Magila, the Gulf District's largest work boat, which was conveying me to my new posting in Baimuru. I was greeted there by the outgoing station officer-in-charge, patrol officer Gary Scarlett, and shown my new abode, a small, two bedroom, fibro house located 200 metres from the office.

By way of domestic appliances, the house had a slow combustion stove which was used both for cooking and providing hot water for the daily shower. Once or twice a day, the header tank had to be pumped full using a hand pump connected to a small rainwater tank, lest the water supply fail at an inconvenient moment.

The toilet was connected to a septic tank which, mercifully, did not require pumping out during my time in Baimuru.

There was no electricity connected, so lighting at night came by way of pressure lamps or hurricane lamps.

There was a kerosene-powered fridge and I was obliged to learn the subtle alchemy of creating a clear blue flame in its burner to ensure it would work without billowing the black smoke that discoloured the ceiling. My recollection is that the fridge would burn through about 4 or 5 gallons of kerosene a week, so an eight-weekly standing order for a 44 gallon drum of kero was soon an expensive, not to mention heavy, addition to my shopping list.

To minimise the cost of running the fridge, I learned that the discarded aviation kerosene drums at the airstrip usually had about three or four gallons remaining in them. This could be carefully syphoned off and used in the fridge. It was vital to life and limb not to confuse the kero drums with those containing aviation fuel (avgas), so I always performed this task myself.

There was a story, which may have been apocryphal, of one kiap's manki masta accidentally filling a fridge's fuel tank with avgas and blowing up himself and the house when he lit the fridge. True or not, I was careful to avoid such a fate.

My home entertainment equipment consisted of a battery powered short wave radio receiver, upon which I could tune into the radio signal from Port Moresby. Atmospheric conditions often distorted this so I tended to rely more upon Radio Australia, the Voice of America (apparently a CIA mouthpiece at that time) and the ever reliable BBC World Service. These international stations had immensely powerful transmitters and were much less affected by adverse weather and atmospheric conditions than the PNG station.

Heating and cooling was provided by opening or closing louvre windows and a few shutters as required.

And, really, that was it by way of domestic facilities.

It was, in short, a house of the type that I had lived in during the early 1950's. While things had moved on in Australia, it was apparent that outstation life in PNG remained firmly planted in a bygone era.

The office was constructed of a mixture of sawn boards from the nearby sawmill and local materials, including a thatched roof. It had no glazed windows, just openings secured with shutters, and no lighting beyond that which came through the windows. Naturally, there was no heating or cooling, in Baimuru the former being superfluous.

The ceiling was made of panels of woven pandanus leaves, which had been rather inexpertly fixed to the unsawn log rafters.

The ceiling space was a favourite haunt of the local chickens. They loved to wander about, clucking happily in pursuit of the abundant and apparently delicious insect life that lived there. As a result, the day was sometimes enlivened by a chicken plummeting out of the ceiling and landing with a surprised squawk on the floor, or sometimes on a desk.

The apex of office technology was an ancient Imperial typewriter upon which I laboriously typed out duplicates of the village census registers using a two fingered ‘hunt and peck’ method. Like almost every male of my vintage, my initial education did not include learning to type, which was then regarded as women’s work. How things have changed.

There was only one small and exceedingly expensive trade store at Baimuru, so it made economic sense to order in food and grocery staples from Moresby and to use the trade store only for emergency purchases.

The major trading companies all produced catalogues of one type or another. This enabled the remote shopper to order his or her preferences in everything from food through to kitchen appliances and some items of clothing.

The latter could even be obtained direct from New York thanks to Sears and Roebuck’s enormous catalogue which from time to time appeared in the mail.

While Baimuru nominally had two or three scheduled airline flights each week, it was both chancy and expensive to use the air service for freight.

Pay Day [National Archives of Australia]
Kiaps providing government allowances to luluais and tultuls (National Archives of Australia)

The mostly commonly seen planes were the Britten Norman Islander and the De Havilland Twin Otter. They were both highly versatile aircraft, with short take off and landing capabilities, but they could still be defeated by the weather.

During the wet season in particular, the frequent torrential rain was a major factor in whether or not pilots could even find Baimuru and, if they could, whether the strip was dry enough for a safe landing.

Thus, all non-urgent and heavy items, including freezer goods, tended to come by sea.

The sea freight service was usually provided by one of a fleet of wooden coastal vessels of about 60-feet in length, colloquially known as K boats. They all had names like Kone, Koki, Kuru, Kila and Kano.

I am uncertain of the history of these vessels but was told that they were constructed prior to or during World War II. I assumed they were given the designation K because they carried K rations for US and other troops fighting in PNG during the war, but this may be wrong.

They were sturdy vessels drawing five feet or so and were well suited to their role. They could withstand the rigours of the sudden violent squalls that are a feature of the coasts of PNG and, inevitably in the Gulf and Western Districts, of periodic groundings on mud banks owing to the huge tidal movements in PNG’s estuarine river systems.

The captains and crew were all local men (mostly Motuan) who were familiar with the vagaries of the waters of the Gulf of Papua.

The K boat service was reliable in the sense that eventually they would arrive and that, mostly, the ordered goods would be aboard and largely undamaged by poor handling or misadventure. That said, their schedules were more honoured in the breach than in the observance and delays of a week or more were not uncommon.

Consequently, the amount of food kept on hand had to be sufficient to tide you over for at least two or three weeks after sending your order. It was always wise to anticipate a long delay before the next shipment of goods would arrive.

It was also wise to assume that not everything you ordered would turn up. You were relying on some harassed employee working far away and without a hope of contacting you to fulfil the order as best they could. If they did not happen to have, say, Heinz baked beans, they would substitute the nearest equivalent. This meant that you sometimes received a surprise of a well meant but not necessarily satisfactory substitute.

I soon learned to be very specific about what I ordered and to stick to goods I knew were nearly always in stock.

Living on an outstation could be a lonely experience at times. There were only two kiaps stationed at Baimuru and both of us did a lot of patrol work on our own. In my case, I was off the station for over 200 days in 1970, twice for periods exceeding 30 days.

My superior, the assistant district officer, was hardly less active. Consequently, there was often no-one to talk to about the day to day travails of running the station or, if I was on patrol, dealing with issues that arose.

There were other expatriates on the station but mostly they were married couples and had their own lives to lead. As a single man, I was cautious about unduly intruding upon them. Also, to some extent at least, I think that a kiap’s roles as police officer and magistrate necessitated putting a degree of formality into such relationships.

One of the consequences of this was a tendency towards consuming more alcohol than was really advisable. Drinking was a prominent feature of expatriate life in PNG, stimulated partly by the climate and partly by a combination of social isolation and the absence of alternative forms of entertainment.

Kiaps as a group were no more or less susceptible to alcohol than others, but it was a major issue for some colleagues. I fell into a pattern of drinking excessively for a while but a severe dose of infectious hepatitis put paid to that.

There were local police, interpreters and other station staff around but, as kiaps, we were separated from them by a combination of role, culture and interests.

A colonial regime does not encourage social fraternisation with the local population for fear of compromising the capacity of its officials to direct and control that population when necessary. So, while our interactions with local people were typically amiable, there was usually no significant personal intimacy involved.

That said, the same as most kiaps, I came to like, respect and trust the local officers with whom I worked. Mostly, they were good and reliable people and many times I had cause to be grateful to them.

Overall, outstation life at Baimuru was not uncomfortable but nor was it some sort of Arcadian idyll. There was a noticeable lack of the amenities and opportunities for socialising that my peer group in Australia had. This was the experience of many if not most young kiaps or couples who lived on sometimes very remote outstations.

I do not regret living at Baimuru and other remote locations because my experiences in PNG helped make me self sufficient and self reliant in a way which was denied to most of my peers in Australia.

It also helped me develop the resilience, and what has been described as "a certain doggedness", to survive and thrive in sometimes very difficult and demanding situations, in both my personal and professional life.

So, while I reflect upon my time in PNG with a degree of nostalgia, I think that I remain fairly clear eyed about some of the inconveniences associated with being a kiap.

Someone apparently wrote about a kiap's life as one of loneliness and glory. While I am certain there was loneliness at times, I think that to claim there was glory is a gross exaggeration. There were moments of intense satisfaction to be sure, but personal glory was not a feature of the job.

Mostly, it was a question of plugging away doing what needed to be done, relieved by occasional moments of wonder or excitement or bewilderment or, very rarely, fear and trepidation.

The true glory of Papua New Guinea was and remains its people and its rugged beauty. There is no place on earth quite like it and I remain profoundly grateful to have experienced it.

Sir Mek says O’Neill & Temu must fix health crisis, not deny it

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Peter O'Neill and Sir Puka Temu (EMTV)
Peter O'Neill and Sir Puka Temu - 'thousands of deaths on their consciences'

SIR MEKERE MORAUTA | PNG Observer

PORT MORESBY - Prime minister Peter O’Neill and health minister Sir Puka Temu should start listening to doctors and patients throughout the country and admit that the health system is in crisis.

Recent statements by Dr James Naipao, president of the PNG Doctors’ Association, and professor Glen Mola from the Medical School, highlight urgent and serious issues that the government is refusing to acknowledge or do anything about.

The health system is in crisis – everyone knows that – but Peter O’Neill and Puka Temu are just letting people die or suffer.

They have thousands of deaths from preventable disease, from common illnesses, from injury, on their consciences. When are they going to acknowledge the duty they have to manage the health system and fund health priorities properly?

Dr Naipao said doctors were unhappy with “the way the health department bureaucrats and the health minister were painting a pretty picture of health-related issues when the reality was completely different, and bad.

“Why are the higher hierarchy of the health department and the health minister, Sir Puka Temu, openly saying all is well in health service delivery when health workers on the ground are saying the opposite,” Dr Naipao asked.

Dr Naipao and Dr Mola point to the widespread lack of basic drugs, disease test kits and basic medical equipment and supplies.

Dr Mola estimates that up to 5,000 babies have died or been disabled since the end of 2016 when the country ran out of syphilis test kits.

He also confirms that the country has run out of HIV test kits and paediatric HIV drugs to prevent babies from contracting HIV from their mothers.

According to Dr Mola “this will not only lead to about 2,500 unnecessary infant HIV deaths per annum, but it also puts our whole population at risk” and makes the management and treatment of TB harder, given the high rate of TB/HIV co-infection.

Doctors had also reported that the health minister, the secretary and senior officers in the department were “running around like headless chooks”, because the prime minister had sent out an instruction that there be no drug stock-outs during February when the vote of no confidence period commences.

How ridiculous is this? The prime minister is only concerned about his political survival, not the welfare of people.

According to doctors, more than 100 lines of essential drugs and supplies are currently out of stock, including antibiotics, surgical gloves, sutures, fluids, and that very soon there will be a stock-out of HIV drugs as well.

The crisis in the health system, especially the medical supplies chain, underscore the wasteful expenditure by the O’Neill government on APEC, corruption in government and the breakdown of government systems and processes.

Where are all the APEC goodies promised by PM and APEC minister Tkatchenko? Where is the manna that was supposed to descend from APEC heaven?

The two-day wonder of APEC has left the country in tatters and the people of Papua New Guinea suffering.

As Professor Mola said, “Unless the government starts showing some concern for the people and providing health workers with basic supplies to prevent disease, treat their patients and also prevent health workers from getting life-threatening diseases from patients, it should not be a surprise to anybody if health workers just stop work.”

My ‘beyond Kudjeru' patrol’: The final stretch

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Kudjeru patrol mapPAUL OATES

GOLD COAST - I had sent two men on ahead to notify the people at the airstrip construction site that we were coming and to bring some food back for us.

By mid-afternoon I was starting to get a bit worried that my patrol might have been misdirected. We had only enough food for another night or so and I had used most of my own tinned food to help the carriers.

Then, at about 3pm, I heard voices ahead and we met three men with bilums of cucumbers and fresh food. I took a cucumber and sent the rest back to carriers.

I ate the cucumber whole, like I would an apple, and have never tasted anything more delicious. Fresh food, after three days of preserved and boiled food, was is marvellous.

We finally arrived at airstrip site just as it was getting dark. You could see why these people wanted an airstrip, they were so far away from anyone. Remote took on a new meaning.

There had been good preparation. The people had planted food gardens where they were going to clear and level the land. The villagers ate the food as gardens were cleared and levelled for the strip and its surrounds.

I supervised work for two days but it was clear the people knew what they were doing. The plans made by previous patrols were being followed to the letter.

But I did erect two flag poles and raise two flags at the patrol camp site rather than the usual one.

The Australian flag was raised alongside the new Papua New Guinea national flag - the new PNG flag slightly lower than the Australian flag as self-government had not actually been granted at that stage. It was due very soon in 1972.

Having drawn up a report of how the airstrip construction was progressing, the patrol departed for Wau, taking a different route to the one we had previously taken.

There were more villages on this track but there was a notoriously steep climb, almost straight up a mountainside.

The villagers who lived near the top had built an extensive water reticulation system using bamboo pipes. I was parched and checked out the water, however it wasn’t the cleanest and I went thirsty until the next stream.

A mate on the next patrol drank some of the reticulated water. Poor bloke ended up with hepatitis.

One more bush camp and we arrived back in the Wau area at the roadhead. As usual, the thought of a cold South Pacific Lager kept me going for the last stretch.

You might have seen the ad. The one where the green bottle has droplets of condensation slowly sliding down. You can almost taste the contents on your tongue and gliding down your throat.

While I was stationed in Wau, there was a stream of volunteers who wanted to know when the next patrol was leaving.

Apparently, at the end of the patrol and having been well fed and doled out the accumulated pay, the carriers reckoned the work wasn't all that bad.

How the Kokoda Trail almost killed me; & why I’d do it again

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Scott on the Kokoda Trail
Scott on the Kokoda Trail - gutsy, passionate and very, very persistent

SCOTT PHILLIPS | The Motley Fool

SYDNEY - It didn’t exactly end the way I expected. I finished… walked every bloody step of the aptly nicknamed ‘bloody track’, but the last hill was really hard.

‘Jesus, that last hill was tough’, I said to my mate Simon just after we walked through the archway that marked the end of the 120km, eight-day trek.

‘No mate, that was easy’ he said. And I realised how crook I was.

Fair to say, that night was tough, and I felt like death warmed up when I woke the next day for my flight home. Fast forward a few days, and I was in an intensive care bed back in Australia.

But we’ll get there.

It was in June of 2018 that Simon and I decided to do the trek. I was reading Peter FitzSimons’ book ‘The Great Aussie Bloke Slimdown’, because, well, I needed to slim down, and he mentioned the time he trekked Kokoda.

I can’t remember if I called or texted him, but it went something like “Hey mate… let’s do Kokoda”. His immediate reply was “Let’s do it” and it was on. All that was required was clearing it with our wives and choosing a date… all of which happened frighteningly quickly. Then the deposit was paid and we were committed.

Bloody hell… what had I done?

The good news was that the triple motivation of the self-evident need to drop some beef, the book, and the looming spectre of the trek worked their wonders, and I lost 25kg in the following four or so months. I got fit -- fitter than I’d been in years -- and felt like I was ready for the trek.

We spent a small fortune on gear (worth every cent) including everything from cups and spoons through to sleeping bags, packs and a first aid kit. Plus hiking poles, gaiters, water purification tablets and about 37 other things. Thankfully, the kit list provided by the tour operator, Adventure Kokoda, was thorough, because it was the first time I’d done a trek like that.

And my young bloke works in a hiking shop, so he was invaluable when it came to getting the right gear. (As an aside, apparently the month we bought our gear was the best sales month his store had ever had. I like to think it’s a coincidence, but I’m pretty sure our spending made the difference!)

Then it was time for the immunisations. “I’m left handed” I told the doctor, so he could use my right arm for the jabs, and it wouldn’t impact my dominant hand. “You’re getting four injections” he told me, matter-of-factly, “so it’ll be two in each arm”. Perhaps it should have been a warning for what was to come.

Before I go any further, I should also tell you that while Simon and I aren’t irresponsible, we’re generally game for most things, and tend to be optimistic. Our wives might choose the ‘irresponsible’ side of that particular description. On a whim, he sent me a t-shirt with ‘What could possibly go wrong’ printed on the front. We would go on to find out....

So there we were, all packed, kitted out, and up at 4am as we set out for the airport. Apparently, the blokes at the hiking shop have a phrase for people in our position, who’ve bought everything, but haven’t been on a hike before: ‘all gear, no idea’. It was apt.

Arriving in Papua New Guinea is an experience. Not only do you get hit with the obligatory heat and humidity upon disembarking the plane, but the drive from the airport is an eye-opener. Make no mistake, PNG is an incredibly poor country.

Seeing it, so soon after hearing about the Masteratis that had been purchased by the local government to ferry APEC leaders around, really highlighted just how right people were to be disgusted with that administration.

The poverty is obvious, particularly in the city, and both unemployment and infant mortality are disgracefully high. I don’t know the answer, but PNG is in desperate need of improvement, for the sake of its people.

The risk -- real or perceived -- of crime is so high that each property is its own compound, with high fences and gates topped with barbed wire, and it was into such a compound that we drove, and which was to be the base from which we departed for the trek.

One of the highlights was to follow the next day. You can walk the Kokoda Trail (‘trail’, not ‘track’ might sound like an Americanised name, but it’s the preferred name of the locals, and how our Diggers referred to it during the Second World War) in either direction.

Our Diggers trekked from Ower’s Corner (just out of Port Moresby) to Kokoda, then withdrew back almost all the way, before pushing back to -- and past -- Kokoda as they defeated the Japanese.

We trekked from Kokoda to Ower’s, meaning we started with a flight into the heart of PNG on a 20-odd seater plane. It was both beautiful and daunting -- there’s nothing quite like flying over the seemingly endless mountains that you know you’ll have to then cross on your return to the starting point!

We landed at the Kokoda airstrip, then watched the plane taxi back and take off on its return flight to Port Moresby. “I guess it’s too late to change our mind” I ventured, and laughed, just a little nervously.

Our party was seven trekkers, our trek leader, and about 16 PNG locals who were our porters, cooks and local experts. I say ‘about 16’ because the number fluctuated as we walked, with some joining and leaving the trek at the different villages along the trail.

Day one was gentle enough. We visited the war museum at Kokoda, and saw the battle site there; largely unchanged since the war, but for some regrown vegetation. The walk to our first campsite was only a couple of hours, and the ground was flat.

“This isn’t too bad”, I thought. Only later did we realise it was a soft day to let us acclimatise, so the trek leader could assess us, and to iron out any problems with gear.

From Day 2, for almost all of the rest of the 8-day trek, we’d be walking 8 - 12 hours a day. The pattern became pretty similar. Each day started with a hill climb, usually between 45 minutes and an hour, but sometimes longer. The same pattern would repeat after lunch.

“We’ll start with a climb…” was the common refrain from our trek leader, Bernie Rowell, a very good man who has done 50-odd treks up and down the trail, and who clearly loves it. As time went on, we’d expect it, and all smile ruefully as he said it. Then, up we’d go.

Experienced trekkers would know this, but we came to, if not actually enjoy going uphill, at least preferring it to going down. Heading downhill is hard on the body and the mind as your legs absorb the impact of holding your body weight as you descend, and you concentrate hard to make sure you’re not going to slip, trip and/or fall as you go. Going up hill, by contrast, hurt the lungs and the legs, but was far preferable. Call that another thing I learned on the trek.

We visited battle site after battle site, recalling some of the toughest fighting Australian soldiers have ever been engaged in. Always outnumbered, but never daunted, they continued to engage and be engaged by the Japanese. Endless acts of bravery, often leading to death, were recounted at places that would become immortalised in Australian history.

Scott - before KokodaIsurava. Brigade Hill. Kokoda. Myola. Efogi. These are villages along the Trail and names that all Australians should know. It was deeply moving to be at those places, and to reflect on the courage, bravery and sacrifice of the men who fought in our name. And the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels who selflessly carried food, supplies and, too often, injured and dying Australian soldiers. Without them, the death toll would have been far, far higher.

It winds its way through villages of largely subsistence people. Kind, shy villagers, on the whole, who, save for a little (very little) aid money and small amounts of new infrastructure, have lived a similar way of life for centuries. It was a privilege to be able to walk the trail and meet some of these people, as well as staying in and near their villages.

And the Trail itself is essentially the same as its been for centuries -- it’s what the locals have always used, and still use, to move between villages, and all the way to Port Moresby. In some parts six feet wide, and at others almost invisible, depending on the location and vegetation, it traverses swamp, rainforest, bush and (very rarely) clearings.

And multiple times each day I would be reminded that, no matter how tough it felt for us, we were quite literally walking in the footsteps of Australian soldiers who traversed exactly the same path some 75 years earlier.

Except our boys did it with heavy packs and rifles. With terrible maladies that included dysentery, malaria and scrub typhus. On starvation rations. Oh, and being harassed, shot at and fired upon with mountain artillery by a determined, highly trained and fanatically disciplined enemy.

It was, as you’d likely expect, the experience of a lifetime. There was something almost meditative about repeating the same process every day: up before dawn, dress, pack, eat… and walk. And walk. And walk. Then to bed, and the cycle repeats.

There is little to no mobile coverage, meaning little contact from, and with, the outside world. I missed my family, and couldn’t wait to speak to them on my return to the city, but the forced isolation was good for the mind and soul.

And the body? Well, usually I’d say yes. But on the evening of our fourth day (of eight) I felt a sudden chill. I asked if anyone else was cold. They weren’t, of course. PNG is hot during the day and warm at night. I realised, to my chagrin, that I was probably getting a cold.

I woke up on Day 5 feeling pretty ordinary. I had a couple of Panadol and started walking. Then, as soon as the directions on the packet would allow, I had some more. And repeated the process again, throughout that day. I had a terrible night’s sleep, punctuated by sweating and coughing.

Day 6 was pretty tough. The longest, hardest climb of the trek and I was completely spent. Not really tired or really sore. But totally, completely spent. I did it tough. When we got to the village, it was all I could do to lay prostrate on the grass and try to recover. It was hard for the other boys too, but not that hard. I knew I was crook.

Eventually, a lot of fluid, a (very) cold shower and some cold & flu tablets had me upright and walking. Our trek leader, Bernie, distributed some of my gear to others to carry, to lighten my load. I felt guilty as hell, but knew I needed the help.

That was to start a cycle of cold & flu tablets, Panadol and Nurofen, interspersed so I wasn’t overdoing any one of them, but making sure I was regularly medicated, just to make it through the trip.

Sleep was short and usually punctuated by coughing. The poor bastards on the trek with me were close by -- meaning my coughing was costing them sleep, too.

I didn’t know what was wrong. We carried first aid supplies, thank goodness, and I was well looked after. Bernie checked in on me at each break, and the boys were great. True, I felt like I was the slacker of the group, that somehow I should have been able to just tough it out -- to ‘stay staunch’.

Not finishing the trek was never on the agenda, though. I was going to do it. I drew inspiration from the stories of the Diggers, who had it far worse than I did. From thinking about my family. From wanting to do it for myself.

And, I did. I never really contemplated being medically evacuated (by helicopter), but it would have been an option, had I been worse. And I have to say, based on the way I felt the day after the trek, I’m not sure I could have done a ninth day, if we’d still been on the trail.

I got home on a Saturday afternoon. So, probably unwisely, I decided to wait until Monday to see my GP. He listened to my chest. “You’ve probably got a chest infection, or pneumonia”, he said. “I’ll send you for an x-ray and blood tests”.

When we got the results the next day, he said something I don’t know I’ll ever forget: “That’s a pretty bad pneumonia… I’m impressed you made it back alive”.

He gave me some oral antibiotics, and I went home. But I kept getting worse. During the night, I could feel -- between incessant coughs -- that my breathing was getting worse. I didn’t know how much worse I could afford to get, before I became a resuscitation case. I’m not generally a worrier, and tend to be closer to the “she’ll be right” approach to healthcare, but I knew I had to do something.

On Wednesday, I took myself to the local district hospital. “Just relax and take deep breaths” the nurse said. I couldn’t. The walk from the waiting room to the treatment room, and trying to explain what was wrong meant I was hopelessly out of breath. And I couldn’t get enough air in.

Once I was admitted, the doctor and nursing staff on duty were amazing. Kind, thorough and fantastically professional, within a couple of hours I had two canulas, an arterial line and a catheter in. They pumped me full of fluids and antibiotics, and did x-rays.

And organised for me to be transferred to a larger hospital. By ambulance. With lights and sirens. Straight to intensive care.

The intensive care doctor was wonderful. He could see I was concerned and reassured me that they’d look after me. “Just relax. We’ll do what we need to do to get you better”. The reassurance was welcome.

When the respiratory specialist came to see me, he was friendly and professional, but blunt. “You probably won’t die”, he said. Bloody hell, I thought, not for the first time. I hadn’t contemplated dying, but it turns out it was a real, if unlikely, possibility.

He gave me a 70% chance of recovering without incident, a 20% chance that they’d need to take serious interventionist action, and… well, a 10% chance that I wouldn’t be writing this today. Apparently mine was one of the worst cases he’d seen, and my x-rays showed splotchy white clouds on all parts of my lungs.

On the scale of things that confront many people in life, it’s not in the most serious category, of course. There are, unfortunately, many worse things to suffer from, with higher mortality rates. So I’m very aware how lucky I was. But it was a real wake-up call.

The medical staff were top notch: unfailingly professional and deeply caring. I was wonderfully looked after. I spent 5 days in a combination of intensive care and ‘high dependency’ which is one step down, then a couple of days on a regular ward.

After that, I was home, though recovery from pneumonia, especially a bad one, takes a couple of months. My last scan showed some lingering evidence of the pneumonia. Hopefully the next one, in a couple of weeks, finally gives me the all clear.

Despite all of that, I’d do Kokoda again. The Adventure Kokoda team are wonderful. And I was just plain unlucky to get crook.

It is truly a wonderful experience. Trekking the trail is one part physical challenge and one part meditative retreat. But more than that, it’s a pilgrimage -- a chance to see and hear what Australian soldiers did in PNG during the Second World War, and to remember and pay my respects.

The dawn service at Isurava was one of the more emotional experiences of my life. Walking the trail and visiting the battlefield sites where so many young Australians died was almost surreal. And we visited Bomana War Cemetery, and read the ages of those who did not return, as well as the heartbreaking inscriptions on their headstones, chosen by their families who lost a son, brother, husband, or father.

It would be trite to try to wrap this up with some ‘investing lessons’ or to force some parallels with finance. It would be disrespectful to our servicemen.

Instead, I’ll just leave you with some reflections.

I am grateful for the experience of challenging myself on the Kokoda Trail. I didn’t intend to get sick (and for the record, the doctor never could find the bug that caused it all), but I’d do it all again.

I am grateful that I got to trek Kokoda with a great mate, and to have formed a bond of camaraderie with the rest of the group and our leader. Eight different people from different walks of life, who bonded over a shared experience. I can’t help but feel there’s a lesson there.

I am grateful for the wonderful public health system that took care of me -- without having to pay a cent -- when I was so crook, and to the wonderful doctors and nurses whose calling is taking care of the sick and dying. We take it for granted, until we need it, but we are immensely fortunate.

I am grateful for the luck of being born in Australia, for a loving family, and for all of the opportunities that entails. I could have been born in a PNG village, or on the streets or Port Moresby, or anywhere else. Being born here truly is like winning what Warren Buffett calls the ‘ovarian lottery’.

And I am grateful for the service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform, both past and present. They willingly put themselves in harm’s way in our name, and many of them either didn’t return, or came back, but always carried the mental, emotional and physical scars of their service. We will remember them.

Lest We Forget.

PNG government’s appalling human rights scorecard

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HumanrightsSTAFF WRITER | Human Rights Watch

NEW YORK - Despite an economic boom led by extractive industries such as mining, an estimated 40% of people in Papua New Guinea live in poverty.

The government has not taken sufficient steps to address gender inequality, violence, corruption, or excessive use of force by police. Rates of family and sexual violence are among the highest in the world, and perpetrators are rarely prosecuted.

The government has been the focus of sustained protests, including student boycotts and acts of civil disobedience, over allegations of corruption. Reports of mob violence, especially against individuals accused of sorcery, continue to be reported.

Former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, visited PNG in February 2018 and called on the government to tackle a long list of abuses, including corruption, land rights abuses, gender-based violence, and attacks on activists and journalists.

In June, authorities confirmed that the country was facing its first polio outbreak in 18 years, prompting an emergency vaccination campaign.

Chronic problems continued to plague the criminal justice system in PNG, including abuses by police. Overcrowding and dire prison conditions led to prison breakouts.

PNG continues to see high levels of violence and political unrest since the 2017 election, which was marred by widespread electoral irregularities and violence. In June, in the Southern Highlands, a mob set alight a passenger plane in an election-related protest.

Women’s and girls’ rights

Sorcery-related violence continued unabated, with women and girls the primary targets. In May, in the Southern Highlands, one woman was killed and another two seriously injured after a mob attacked the women following accusations they had used sorcery to kill a man. The government’s 2013 Sorcery National Action Plan is inadequately funded and has yet to be implemented.

In December 2017, the PNG government announced A$4 million (US$2.9 million) of funding for sorcery awareness and education programs. In July, the National Court sentenced eight men to death for their involvement in a sorcery-related killing of seven people. PNG continued to impose the death penalty, although authorities have not carried out any executions since 1954.

In 2013, the Family Protection Act was passed, which criminalizes domestic violence and allows victims to obtain protection orders. In 2017, the government passed regulations to implement the law, but enforcement remains weak and inconsistent.

Police and prosecutors rarely pursued investigations or criminal charges against people who commit family violence—even in cases of attempted murder, serious injury, or repeated rape—and instead prefer to resolve such cases through mediation and/or payment of compensation.

There is also a severe lack of services for people requiring assistance after having suffered family violence, such as safe houses, qualified counselors, case management, financial support, or legal aid.

PNG continues to have one of the highest rates of maternal death in the Asia-Pacific, and the number of women and girls who give birth in a health facility or with the help of a skilled birth attendant has reduced in the last five years.

Although the PNG government supports universal access to contraception, two out of three women and girls still are unable to access and use it due to geographic, cultural, and economic barriers. Abortion remains illegal in PNG, except in cases where the mother's life is at risk.

Police abuse

The PNG government failed to address abuses by security forces. Few police are ever held to account for beating or torturing criminal suspects, a common occurrence. In September, the government indicated it would introduce new measures to give immunity to police and defense force soldiers on special operations supposedly to “curb lawlessness.”

Despite the ombudsman and police announcing investigations into the 2016 police shooting of eight student protesters in Port Moresby, at time of writing no police had been charged or disciplined and neither body had issued a report.

In July, prison officers shot and killed four men who escaped from Buimo prison in Lae. This followed a similar escape in 2017, in which 17 prisoners were killed. Corrective Services ordered an inquiry in 2017, but at time of writing no investigation had begun, allegedly due to lack of funding.

Children’s rights

Police often beat children in lock-ups and house them with adults, despite a child justice law that states children should be kept separate from adults during all stages of the criminal justice process.

In August, a video showing two PNG police officers brutally assaulting a teenage boy in West New Britain was widely circulated on social media. Minister for Police Jelta Wong ordered an immediate investigation and promised to hold those responsible to account. The two officers have reportedly been suspended and charged under the Criminal Code Act, but neither had been prosecuted at time of writing.

Children's access to education improved from 2012 to 2016 following the introduction of the Tuition Fee Free Policy in 2012 but was still low, with only 76 percent of children enrolled in primary school and 33 percent in secondary.

Land rights

More than 5 million hectares of land has been awarded to PNG-based subsidiaries of foreign companies on Special Agricultural Business Leases, resulting in loss of ancestral land and forest for rural Papua New Guineans. The leases represent over 10% of the country’s total landmass and potentially impact more than 700,000 people.

Government corruption

Corruption in PNG is widespread. In December 2017, the Supreme Court quashed a long-standing arrest warrant for corruption against Prime Minister Peter O'Neill, finding that the warrant failed to meet a number of requirements and was issued without jurisdiction.

That same month, anti-corruption police arrested and charged the country's deputy chief electoral commissioner with corruption for allegedly manipulating votes, for perjury and making a false declaration.

In April, media reported that anti-corruption police are investigating the Governor of Port Moresby Powes Parkop, after a former official revealed the city council was paying K2.8 million a year to a yoga and health company run by his alleged partner.

Asylum seekers and refugees

About 570 male asylum seekers and refugees live in PNG, most on Manus Island. Nearly all were forcibly transferred to PNG by Australia in 2013. Following a 2016 PNG Supreme Court decision that detaining asylum seekers is unconstitutional, in November 2017, the Australian and PNG government closed the main centre on Manus and relocated refugees and asylum seekers to other accommodation facilities on the island.

Many asylum seekers and refugees suffer complex health problems including mental health conditions that have been exacerbated by long periods in detention and uncertainty about their futures. In May, a Rohingya refugee died by apparent suicide having jumped from a moving bus, the seventh asylum seeker or refugee to die on Manus Island since 2013.

The Australian Department of Home Affairs has acknowledged that medical services have been reduced since the men were forcibly removed from the main center in 2017. There have been urgent calls, including by Australian doctors, to improve healthcare standards on Manus Island.

Australia pays for refugees’ living expenses but refuses to resettle them in Australia, insisting they must settle in PNG or third countries, such as the United States. US resettlement from Manus remains slow, with 163 resettled as of October.

Refugees and asylum seekers do not feel safe on Manus due to a spate of violent attacks by locals in the town of Lorengau and ongoing disputes with the local community. In January, neighbouring residents blocked access to living compounds in a protest about leaking sewage. In May, a fire in Hillside Haus forced the relocation of 120 residents.

Since June, a 12-hour curfew has been imposed on the refugees and asylum seekers in violation of their freedom of movement, following a car accident in which a woman died; an allegedly drunk refugee was driving the car. In October, a local man violently assaulted an Iranian refugee who was hospitalized with serious injuries to his head and eyes.

In June, following a class action settlement, the Australian government paid K164 million in compensation to asylum seekers and refugees for their illegal detention on Manus Island.

In July, the Queensland Coroner ruled that the death of Manus detainee and Iranian asylum seeker Hamid Khazaei in September 2014 was preventable and the result of "compounding errors" in health care provided under Australia's offshore immigration detention system.

Disability rights

Despite the existence of a national disability policy, people with disabilities are often unable to participate in community life, go to school, or work because of lack of accessibility, stigma, and other barriers. Access to mental health care is limited, and many people with psychosocial disabilities and their families often consider traditional healers to be the only option.

Sexual orientation and gender identity

The PNG criminal code outlaws sex “against the order of nature,” which has been interpreted to apply to consensual same-sex acts, and is punishable by up to 14 years’ imprisonment.

Key international actors

In March, then-Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop visited Port Moresby and met with PNG foreign minister Rimbink Pato to discuss health and immigration. In November, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison and PNG prime minister Peter O’Neill signed a joint defence agreement to deepen relations and security cooperation, partly to curb China’s growing influence in the Pacific.

China is set to overtake Australia as the largest donor to PNG, though most assistance is in the form of infrastructure loans rather than aid. China is committing approximately K13 billion to developing a national road network. Australian government aid to PNG for the year 2018-19 is K1.3 billion.

In November, PNG hosted the annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum which was overshadowed by growing tensions between China and Australia for regional dominance in the Pacific. China provided significant infrastructure support—including the K82 million convention centre—and President Xi Jinping invited Pacific Island leaders to a special summit ahead of APEC.

Australia spent K305 million on security costs for APEC, and provided 1,500 Australian Defence Force personnel.

The PNG government drew criticism for its purchase of 40 new Maserati cars for visiting APEC dignitaries, when the impoverished country struggles to pay teachers and faces a health crisis. The summit ended in disarray when Chinese officials physically forced their way into the office of the PNG foreign minister and refused to sign the final joint statement.

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